Becoming to Being Filipino in the Press: Acts of Visuality and Aurality Toward Identity and Nation in the Music of Manila, 1860–1940
摘要
The process of the Filipinos transforming from becoming to being a people is examined in this chapter through close readings of the music press from the country’s Spanish (1860–1899) and US American (1899–1940) eras. The initial process of becoming, which saw the emergence of a budding identity of “Filipino,” resulted from a uniquely potent brew of socio-politico-economic factors that cut across class and race. The second process of being bore witness to an emergent nation that had sprung up from colonial struggles to find its national soul. Silvestre argues that music and dance were important channels for tracing these transformations, as evident in the journalism covering costumbrismo texts on the kumintang and kundiman forms, images, and early proto-musicological writings, and as evident in the music scores, which unleashed subaltern voices, alternative meanings and positions, and extracted embedded statements of power and pride in identity.