The protection of personal data is more critical in today’s online security environment, given the rise in cyber threats and the extensive exploitation of user data. Intelligent cyberattacks, poor data management, and the growing application of Big Data-based profiling methods increasingly challenge organisations. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the development of personal data protection, encompassing legislation, technology, and organisational practices aimed at mitigating security risks. This study is a valuable addition, as it adopts a holistic approach. It integrates regulations such as the GDPR and the NIS2 Directive with advanced security controls. Such controls include encryption, anonymisation, and artificial intelligence-based threat detection. In addition, this paper explores the future applications of blockchain and quantum computing, examining how they can influence data protection strategies in the years to come. This study identifies critical gaps in current data protection strategies through an in-depth literature review and real-world case studies. It offers a blueprint for enhancing security controls. Our findings underscore the necessity for a comprehensive strategy that integrates adherence to the law, robust security measures, and user education to effectively protect personal data in an era of rapid technological advancement.