Who gets to be white, and therefore benefit from the privileges entailed, has been in flux since the founding of the American republic. White racial identification, as defined by a simple response on a government form, does not capture a single community, a single set of beliefs, or a single set of experiences. This book reconceptualizes white identity politics, demonstrating its inherent diversity and complexity. White Americans display profound diversity in their ethnic attachments, political orientations, and responses to racial appeals. The substantial variation in white identities, ideologies, and attitudes we document suggests that white Americans today should be thought of as individuals with diverse and heterogenous life experiences and viewpoints first and foremost, and as a hegemonic, monolithic “community” only minimally. Acknowledging the multiplicity of white identities thus reframes key questions for scholars of race, identity, and American political behavior.