This book offered a socio-legal analysis of immediate responses to large-scale refugee displacements in Europe, focusing on the countries where refugees initially fled to or passed through. First, it investigated the immediate responses to refugees fleeing after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution was crushed by Soviet tanks arriving in Budapest. Second, it looked at the responses of the same countries where most refugees were displaced to during and after the post-Yugoslav wars, genocide, and ethnic cleansing in the 1990s. Third, it focused on the responses in these countries during the so-called 2015/16 refugee crisis when these countries formed a ‘humanitarian corridor’ for refugees coming mainly from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan who were heading towards Germany. Finally, it examined how the same countries immediately responded to the mass displacement of refugees from Ukraine. The countries that claimed to have faced the ‘mass-influx’ of refugees overlapped in the first three periods under study, while they accepted a much smaller number of refugees from Ukraine in comparison to other EU Member States. These countries were Austria and the former Yugoslav states, most notably Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Macedonia. Another reason why these countries—especially Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia—were examined together lies also in the fact that especially in the 2015/16 and 2022 refugee protection crises, different international and national political representatives, as well as media, referred back with selective memory to how refugees were treated in the 1956/57 and 1990s events in order to contemplate how refugees were considered differently in each of these large-scale displacements. The book aimed to answer how and why the refugees in these four cases of large-scale displacement received legal statuses that were not in accordance with the 1951 Refugee Convention, and at the same time were different in each instance.