This chapter synthesises the core challenges to constitutionalism identified across the book and evaluates how they manifest in different social, political, and legal contexts. It highlights persistent obstacles—such as weak or strong judicial leadership, popular decision-making, executive dominance over judicial processes, the influence of international actors in constitution-making, the role of non-state institutions in constitutional governance, the judicialisation of politics, and the politicisation of the judiciary—that hinder the effective functioning of constitutional systems. Drawing on comparative insights from the volume, the chapter outlines how these challenges interact and evolve, shaping the nature and durability of constitutional practices in Africa and beyond. It offers practical recommendations for strengthening constitutionalism, emphasising the importance of integrated social, political, and legal approaches to sustaining constitutional governance.