The intersection of health rights and corporate responsibility in sub-Saharan Africa is a critical area of discussion, reflecting the complexities of healthcare access, economic development, and ethical business practices. This region faces significant health challenges, including high rates of infectious diseases, maternal and child mortality, and growing rates of noncommunicable diseases. Concurrently, the presence of multinational corporations, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals, mining, and agriculture, raises questions about their role in promoting or undermining health rights. This introduction provides a foundational background on the interplay between health rights and corporate responsibility in sub-Saharan Africa. It explores how corporations operating in this region influence health policy and access to healthcare, examining both the ethical implications and the legal frameworks governing their responsibilities. This introduction sets the stage for the subsequent analyses of corporate responsibilities to health rights, case studies’ assessments of companies’ impacts on public health outcomes in various sectors, the role of governments and civil society in holding corporations accountable, and actionable recommendations for improving health equity and corporate accountability.