The forests of the Appalachians and Ozarks are home to a diverse assemblage of animals. With some exceptions, the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians found in the Appalachians also occur in the Ozarks. The exceptions are species associated with the high-elevation broadleaf and coniferous forests of the Appalachians, which have no vegetative counterpart in the Ozarks; species restricted to special habitats in one of the two regions; or species with a distribution centered in western North America but also occur in the Ozarks. The purpose of this chapter is to describe many of the more characteristic terrestrial or largely terrestrial animals of the Appalachians and Ozarks. Unique aquatic examples also are considered.