The issues and challenges of development and innovation are enormous in Africa. From the point of view of ecological transition, the debate is very broad and raises a large number of issues around the question of reconciling African economic growth with the imperatives of sustainable, social and environmental development, including: access to cleaner energy, circular economy and waste management, sustainable mobility and transport, environmental health of cities, soil conservation, sustainable agriculture, food sovereignty, preservation of forests and biodiversity in the face of urban sprawl, adaptation to climate change and early warning systems, and financing the ecological transition. This chapter deals with the ecological transition of economic activities in Africa. More specifically, it discusses the balance between immediate growth priorities and medium- and long-term needs in terms of social justice and climate resilience. At this level, the choice of corporate governance model is decisive.