This chapter focusses on nation-building in the post-apartheid era and examines this process against the backdrop of fraught human relations during this period. Notwithstanding 30 years of democracy, nation-building is still seriously being undermined by inter alia racism and racial discrimination—despite the abolishment of apartheid in the early 1990s; ethnic mobilisation, and high levels of xenophobia and Afrophobia. High levels of crime and violence also contribute to the polarisation of the society. Nevertheless, colonialism and apartheid are taken as the harbingers of today’s social and economic ills, which are enfeebling individuals, families, groups and communities. These European and foreign political systems, which were characterised by conquest, annexation of the territories of indigenous peoples, subjugation and the brutal implementation of an ideology of white supremacy, are still shaping the social and economic outcomes of millions of South Africans.