This study systematically investigates the theoretical innovations and practical pathways of urban agriculture in advancing sustainable urbanization. Through bibliometric analysis and cross-regional case comparisons, two core contributions are established: developing an integrated benefit framework that synergizes ecological conservation, social equity, and climate resilience; and identifying evolutionary trajectories in research paradigms, revealing the transition from green infrastructure planning to smart city-circular economy integration. The findings demonstrate that urban agriculture effectively mitigates urban heat island effects, enhances biodiversity, and strengthens community cohesion through participatory design. However, challenges persist, including policy fragmentation and uneven adoption of intelligent technologies. Future research should prioritize hybrid systems integrating green infrastructure with renewable energy networks, intelligent landscape optimization technologies for climate adaptation, and cross-sector governance mechanisms to promote urban-rural resource circularity. The study positions urban agriculture as a strategic nexus for sustainable urban transitions, advocating its paradigm shift from supplemental green spaces to multifunctional resilience hubs.