With the development of the economy and the increase in population density, the influence of indoor air quality on human health has attracted increasing attention. Especially in rural areas, due to the characteristics of traditional living environment and heating methods, the significantly worsened indoor air pollution is particularly evident. Through a systematic investigation and analysis of the indoor environmental status of rural dwellings in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, this investigation explored the effects of cooking and heating activities, especially the use of solid fuels, on indoor PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO concentrations in winter. The health data of residents, such as gender, age, blood pressure and smoking habits, were collected by questionnaire survey In this investigation. The correlation between these factors and indoor air quality was analyzed. Through the comprehensive analysis of each variable, the ultimate goal of this investigation is to find some effective ways to improve the indoor air quality of rural houses and ensure the health of human, and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of relevant environmental protection policies.