Even the classical concepts of instrumental-rational strategy management admit that strategy processes often transpire in ways that are entirely different from their textbook descriptions. The criticism has been voiced that organizations sometimes do not pursue clear strategies, implement opposing strategies at the same time, change strategies very frequently, or employ strategies only for presentation to the outside world without putting them into effect internally. According to the classical understanding of strategy, however, all of this is seen as organizational pathology that can be managed through better planning or improved organizational design.