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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the third main cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Comparing with other tumors, survival of HCC patients is consistent with the extent of the tumor besides underlying liver condition and functional reserve of the liver. HCC displays significant institutional and geographic variations from risk factors to management over the world. Despite various HCC staging systems that have been developed, each system shows its benefits and limitations. Histological staging (grading) plays a vital role in reflecting the biological behavior of solid tumors. Circulating cell-free DNA is only is useful in the early detection of HCC. The same is applicable for many proteins as AFP-L3, AFP, DCP, osteopontin (OPN), glypican-3 (GPC3), midkine (MDK), annexin A2, GP73, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, and thioredoxin which were reported to have value only for the early diagnostic biomarkers for HCC. However, it exhibits various limitations, including invasiveness and patient acceptance, which always restrict its application. In this chapter, we try to discuss the possible different biochemical markers that may help in evaluating HCC staging and prognosis and hopefully replacing the currently used invasive histological staging systems.

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Perspectives in Biochemical Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Over the Current Microscopical Methodology

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Nabil Mohie Abdel-Hamid,
  • Shimaa Ali Abass

摘要

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the third main cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Comparing with other tumors, survival of HCC patients is consistent with the extent of the tumor besides underlying liver condition and functional reserve of the liver. HCC displays significant institutional and geographic variations from risk factors to management over the world. Despite various HCC staging systems that have been developed, each system shows its benefits and limitations. Histological staging (grading) plays a vital role in reflecting the biological behavior of solid tumors. Circulating cell-free DNA is only is useful in the early detection of HCC. The same is applicable for many proteins as AFP-L3, AFP, DCP, osteopontin (OPN), glypican-3 (GPC3), midkine (MDK), annexin A2, GP73, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, and thioredoxin which were reported to have value only for the early diagnostic biomarkers for HCC. However, it exhibits various limitations, including invasiveness and patient acceptance, which always restrict its application. In this chapter, we try to discuss the possible different biochemical markers that may help in evaluating HCC staging and prognosis and hopefully replacing the currently used invasive histological staging systems.