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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous vesicles necessary for intercellular communication. According to the size, biogenesis, biochemical characteristics, and protein biomarkers, EVs are classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs). Cells send EVs carrying biomolecules to influence other cells’ activity. EVs are key regulators for many physiological functions and pathological conditions, including cancer. In this chapter, the role of EVs in mediating cancer pathogenesis is thoroughly discussed. While MVs are direct outward budding of the cell membrane, exosomes are generated through the endolysosomal pathway. After apoptosis, cells degraded into membranous blebs with the content of the original cell are called ABs. Isolation of EVs depends on filtration and differential centrifugation. EVs help cancer growthExtracellular vesicles (EVs) and invasion locally by activating surrounding stromal cells that remodel the local microenvironment for cancer support, aggressive phenotypes transformation of cancer cells, and harboring vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), causing angiogenesis. Hypoxia stimulates EVs and hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) secretionHypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) secretion that promote cancer aggressiveness. Systematically, EVs facilitate cancer metastasis by regulating cell intravasation and premetastatic niches formation. In addition, they modulate immunity with resultant immunosuppression. Resistance of therapeutic drugs can be prompted via EVs carrying the drugs out of the cell, expressing target proteins, supporting tumor cells’ survival, expanding cancer stem cells (CSCs)Cancer stem cells (CSCs) subpopulation, irradiation caused DNA damage repair, or therapeutic irradiation escape, and resistance mechanisms inheritance. Advantage can be taken of EVs, mainly exosomes, as a liquid biopsy biomarker because they are present in most biological fluids, replacing conventional biopsies or complementing them. As they influence cancer development and progression, interruption of the exosomal cycle or usage of exosomes for drug delivery can be effective for multi-cancer treatment. This information suggests that EVs mediate cancer development, growth, and spread. Nevertheless, they could be helpful in cancer therapy.

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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Pathogenesis

  • 工具书词条

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Mohamed Ibrahim Elewaily

摘要

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous vesicles necessary for intercellular communication. According to the size, biogenesis, biochemical characteristics, and protein biomarkers, EVs are classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs). Cells send EVs carrying biomolecules to influence other cells’ activity. EVs are key regulators for many physiological functions and pathological conditions, including cancer. In this chapter, the role of EVs in mediating cancer pathogenesis is thoroughly discussed. While MVs are direct outward budding of the cell membrane, exosomes are generated through the endolysosomal pathway. After apoptosis, cells degraded into membranous blebs with the content of the original cell are called ABs. Isolation of EVs depends on filtration and differential centrifugation. EVs help cancer growthExtracellular vesicles (EVs) and invasion locally by activating surrounding stromal cells that remodel the local microenvironment for cancer support, aggressive phenotypes transformation of cancer cells, and harboring vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), causing angiogenesis. Hypoxia stimulates EVs and hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) secretionHypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) secretion that promote cancer aggressiveness. Systematically, EVs facilitate cancer metastasis by regulating cell intravasation and premetastatic niches formation. In addition, they modulate immunity with resultant immunosuppression. Resistance of therapeutic drugs can be prompted via EVs carrying the drugs out of the cell, expressing target proteins, supporting tumor cells’ survival, expanding cancer stem cells (CSCs)Cancer stem cells (CSCs) subpopulation, irradiation caused DNA damage repair, or therapeutic irradiation escape, and resistance mechanisms inheritance. Advantage can be taken of EVs, mainly exosomes, as a liquid biopsy biomarker because they are present in most biological fluids, replacing conventional biopsies or complementing them. As they influence cancer development and progression, interruption of the exosomal cycle or usage of exosomes for drug delivery can be effective for multi-cancer treatment. This information suggests that EVs mediate cancer development, growth, and spread. Nevertheless, they could be helpful in cancer therapy.