Carbon sequestration is an important measure in addressing climate change, which entails the capture and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide for long periods. This research examines the efficacy of various land management practices such as agroforestry, conservation tillage, reforestation, and agricultural residue management in promoting carbon sequestration in a semiarid area of central India. Using stratified random sampling in 30 plots, the research examines soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, biomass accumulation, and vegetation dynamics using statistical approaches. Findings show that reforestation registered the highest SOC content at 60 Mg C ha−1, followed by agroforestry with 50 Mg C ha−1, while conventional farming registered the least at 35 Mg C ha−1. Agroforestry and reforested land also showed greater biomass accumulation, reflecting their potential for greater carbon storage. The research identifies the role of geographical heterogeneity, soil type, and vegetation diversity in the efficiency of carbon sequestration. While their potential is enormous, deployment of these eco-friendly practices is hindered by high upfront costs, technical awareness limitations, and socioeconomic constraints within local populations. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable land management practice at national and regional levels under climate action. It encourages interventions in specific policy measures, funding schemes, and local mobilization to drive scaled-up and sustainable land-use practice. The actions have the ability to greatly reduce carbon sequestration, save biodiversity, and promote rural livelihoods that ultimately benefit international climate pledges as well as global goals of sustainable development. The results are of great utility as a resource to policymakers, scientists, and land managers seeking to promote resilient ecosystems and reduce climate change effects.