This chapter analyses medieval approaches towards witchcraft and magic in the Orthodox Byzantine-Ruthenian and Catholic Lithuanian contexts. It examines the shifting balance of responsibilities between state and church during the Reformation, seeking to identify the origins of local features that would later shape witch-hunting practices. The discussion focuses on the Orthodox Church's relatively lenient stance on magic, that treated it as a personal sin rather than a crime. Attention is given to the reception of Catholic anti-witchcraft texts and institutions within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Additionally, the chapter explores the transition from ecclesiastical to secular control over witchcraft cases. It notes how Reformation ideas, along with the growing power of the nobility, contributed to the weakening of ecclesiastical authority. The secularization of witch trials, mirroring developments in Poland, saw the nobility asserting the supremacy of civil jurisdiction over witchcraft matters. Legislative actions in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania reflected this broader shift, transferring witch trials to secular courts.