Quantum computers will change the world of computation, especially in the field of cryptography. In preparation, the NIST recently released a set of standards for quantum-resistant cryptography. These new standards are already influencing industry practices as suppliers move towards integrating these new algorithms into their products to ensure regulatory compliance and future-proof their systems. To assess the practical implications of these standards in the field of Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS), we analyze the practicability of the standardized algorithms across different classes of industrial devices. To this end, first, relevant applications for quantum-resistant algorithms as well as corresponding challenges in the ecosystems of IACS are identified. Next, we benchmark these algorithms and compare their performance against traditional cryptographic methods. Our evaluation is conducted on three representative embedded platforms: an ARM Cortex-53 and an ARM Cortex-R5 on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC as well as an ARM Cortex-7 on the STM32H753ZI board, representing devices using application processors, real-time processors, and microcontrollers, respectively. The results show that quantum-resistant algorithms such as ML-KEM and ML-DSA can outperform their classical counterparts in terms of speed. However, ML-DSA in particular requires significantly more memory than the traditional ECDSA, which presents a challenge for resource-constrained devices.

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Performance Evaluation of Quantum-Resistant Algorithms on Industrial Embedded Systems

  • Leonie Reichert,
  • Nicolas Coppik,
  • Soeren Finster

摘要

Quantum computers will change the world of computation, especially in the field of cryptography. In preparation, the NIST recently released a set of standards for quantum-resistant cryptography. These new standards are already influencing industry practices as suppliers move towards integrating these new algorithms into their products to ensure regulatory compliance and future-proof their systems. To assess the practical implications of these standards in the field of Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS), we analyze the practicability of the standardized algorithms across different classes of industrial devices. To this end, first, relevant applications for quantum-resistant algorithms as well as corresponding challenges in the ecosystems of IACS are identified. Next, we benchmark these algorithms and compare their performance against traditional cryptographic methods. Our evaluation is conducted on three representative embedded platforms: an ARM Cortex-53 and an ARM Cortex-R5 on the Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC as well as an ARM Cortex-7 on the STM32H753ZI board, representing devices using application processors, real-time processors, and microcontrollers, respectively. The results show that quantum-resistant algorithms such as ML-KEM and ML-DSA can outperform their classical counterparts in terms of speed. However, ML-DSA in particular requires significantly more memory than the traditional ECDSA, which presents a challenge for resource-constrained devices.