Will as Transformative
摘要
Will, rather than an intellectual or technical response, lies at the core of effective transformative action facing today’s global polycrisis. Yet, the biggest stumbling block to the idea of will as transformative is the recalcitrant philosophical suspicion that free will is illusory. To trace a way through the free will/determinism problematic and orient readers to key issues and concepts, this chapter first discusses the will in the Platonic, Cartesian, and Spinozean visions. It concludes that the free will/determinism problematic resulted from dualistic thinking and dissolves in the contemporary complexity paradigm that supersedes it. Further, complexity thinking, heralded by Nietzsche, offers a viable basis for transformative philosophy and understanding the will as transformative. Nietzsche’s “will to power” is then contrasted with Schopenhauer’s “will to life.” Both philosophers embrace Spinoza’s monistic view of existence, yet they interpret the will’s transformative role in opposite ways. Schopenhauer argued pessimistically that self-transformation requires renouncing the will to life. Nietzsche disagreed, seeing the will as multifaceted. Following Nietzsche, the chapter proposes that “will to power” offers a critical model for understanding the will as a flexible, complex phenomenon capable of directing humanity towards sustainable and wise transformative action in response to the polycrisis.