This chapter explores the evolution of education and literacy in Ghana, highlighting key trends, disparities, and implications for sustainable development. Drawing on descriptive analyses of extensive data from censuses, surveys, and international databases, the findings reveal significant progress in educational access, with three-quarters of adults having received formal education and nearly 90% of school-age children attending school by 2021. However, despite these gains, over a million children remain out of school, and learning outcomes remain poor. The findings indicate a decline in basic literacy and numeracy skills among students and adults, suggesting that increased enrolment has not necessarily translated into improved educational quality. There are also geographic, gender, and socio-economic disparities in access and outcomes, particularly in pre-primary education, which suffers from low investment and limited reach. The analysis also examined the financial returns to education, showing a strong correlation between higher educational attainment and increased earnings. Policy efforts, such as free compulsory basic education and the expansion of senior high school access, are discussed alongside the challenges of delayed enrolment, dropout, and age-inappropriate attendance. The chapter calls for targeted investments in early childhood education, quality improvements across all levels, and expanded nonformal education programmes to address gaps in foundational skills. It concludes by emphasising the need for strategic alignment between population growth and educational resource allocation, advocating reforms that prioritise both access and quality to harness education’s full potential for national development.