Women have often been perceived as homemakers, dependent, and weak, roles that have historically limited their access to financial resources and opportunities. Despite global progress in financial inclusion, these deep-seated gender norms continue to hinder women’s ability to fully participate in the financial systems of the Global South. This chapter explores the barriers women face in achieving financial inclusion, focusing on the demographic disparities that compound these challenges. Using a dataset of 64,166 observations from 63 economies in the Global South, we analyze financial inclusion through three key dimensions: account ownership, saving behavior, and borrowing practices. Our findings reveal that women are more likely than men to be financially excluded, particularly in terms of account ownership and access to borrowing services. Barriers such as insufficient funds, reliance on family members’ accounts, and traditional gender roles contribute to their exclusion. Demographic disparities across regions, age, education, income, employment status, and urban/rural residence exacerbate financial exclusion. Our study also reveals that women in these economies exhibit significantly lower financial resilience in both the short- and medium term compared to men, making them more vulnerable to economic shocks. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted policies to address gender-specific barriers and promote financial inclusion for women. This chapter contributes to the literature by offering an analysis of gender disparities in financial inclusion and identifying key demographic factors that perpetuate financial vulnerability.

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What Holds Women Back? Financial Inclusion, Barriers, and Demographic Disparities in the Global South

  • Jamin Kun Peng Xia,
  • Louis Yong Yu Lee,
  • Daisy Mui Hung Kee

摘要

Women have often been perceived as homemakers, dependent, and weak, roles that have historically limited their access to financial resources and opportunities. Despite global progress in financial inclusion, these deep-seated gender norms continue to hinder women’s ability to fully participate in the financial systems of the Global South. This chapter explores the barriers women face in achieving financial inclusion, focusing on the demographic disparities that compound these challenges. Using a dataset of 64,166 observations from 63 economies in the Global South, we analyze financial inclusion through three key dimensions: account ownership, saving behavior, and borrowing practices. Our findings reveal that women are more likely than men to be financially excluded, particularly in terms of account ownership and access to borrowing services. Barriers such as insufficient funds, reliance on family members’ accounts, and traditional gender roles contribute to their exclusion. Demographic disparities across regions, age, education, income, employment status, and urban/rural residence exacerbate financial exclusion. Our study also reveals that women in these economies exhibit significantly lower financial resilience in both the short- and medium term compared to men, making them more vulnerable to economic shocks. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted policies to address gender-specific barriers and promote financial inclusion for women. This chapter contributes to the literature by offering an analysis of gender disparities in financial inclusion and identifying key demographic factors that perpetuate financial vulnerability.