This chapter examines the pioneering work of Protestant missionaries Robert Morrison and William Milne in late Qing China, arguing that their theological engagement with the Holy Spirit and the Pentecost narrative provided a strategic framework to assert Christianity’s preeminence over Confucianism and popular spiritual practices. Situated between the Catholic Rites Controversy and the Opium War, their mission occurred during the Qing dynasty’s decline, marked by tensions between their dual roles as alleged ‘agents’ of Western imperialism and facilitators of modernization through education, translation, and cultural exchange. Central to their approach was the translation of Christian concepts into Chinese cosmology: Morrison’s use of shengfeng 聖風 (holy wind) for the Holy Spirit bridged Christian theology with Chinese notions of qi and feng (wind), enabling resonance while asserting doctrinal distinctiveness. The Pentecost narrative (Acts 2), rendered as a divine ‘violent wind,’ emphasized the Holy Spirit’s power to transcend cultural barriers and transform individuals despite slow conversion rates. Milne’s tracts, like The Two Friends, critiqued Confucianism’s neglect of the afterlife and highlighted the Holy Spirit as a comforter and source of eternal hope, positioning Christianity as fulfilling unmet spiritual needs. Their strategy of ruye zhengsheng 儒耶爭勝 (Confucianism and Christianity’s competition for preeminence) contrasted with Jesuit accommodation, prioritizing theological clarity over complementariness. Ultimately, their reliance on the Holy Spirit’s sovereignty underscored a belief in divine agency over human effort, shaping Protestant missions and laying the groundwork for Christianity’s growth in a shifting socio-religious landscape.