The climatic variability caused by nature and more by human activities has been altering the composition of global atmosphere. Glaciers, the storehouse of fresh water, have been subjected to rapid and alarming retreat since the global temperature is on a rise, distressing the synoptic weather pattern. It is postulated that this retreat of glacier will lead to higher incidence of flooding and landslides posing serious problems and threats to downstream communities, infrastructure, and biodiversity. The glacial lakes formed in higher altitudes due to glacial retreats have increased the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), a sudden and catastrophic flooding disaster. The glacial flooding is the highest and the most far-reaching critical hazard in the Himalayas with the highest potential of disaster and damage. This paper explores the dynamics of GLOFs in the Himalayas, emphasizing their causes and more crucially the implication of GLOFs in the downstream communities. This exploration will be based on the study of the recent GLOF event in the Indian Himalayan state of Sikkim. On 3rd October 2023, the South Lhonark Lake in North Sikkim breached causing rampant Glacial Lake outburst flood. The catastrophic impact of this GLOF was felt more downstream with the triggering of landslides along with floods affecting over 80,000 lives, more than 40 dead and more than 70 missing. The tragic event was not just an ecological consequence of sudden increase in glacial lake water level but notably, a critical juncture between the heedless development in a vulnerable topography—a critical juncture between human, climate, and disaster. This paper is a modest attempt to bring into subsurface the social and economic implications of GLOF of 2023 in Singtam (Sikkim) affecting the daily lives of the living communities.

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Evaluating the Impact of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood on Downstream Communities: An Analysis of Singtam, Sikkim

  • Rosemary Subba

摘要

The climatic variability caused by nature and more by human activities has been altering the composition of global atmosphere. Glaciers, the storehouse of fresh water, have been subjected to rapid and alarming retreat since the global temperature is on a rise, distressing the synoptic weather pattern. It is postulated that this retreat of glacier will lead to higher incidence of flooding and landslides posing serious problems and threats to downstream communities, infrastructure, and biodiversity. The glacial lakes formed in higher altitudes due to glacial retreats have increased the risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), a sudden and catastrophic flooding disaster. The glacial flooding is the highest and the most far-reaching critical hazard in the Himalayas with the highest potential of disaster and damage. This paper explores the dynamics of GLOFs in the Himalayas, emphasizing their causes and more crucially the implication of GLOFs in the downstream communities. This exploration will be based on the study of the recent GLOF event in the Indian Himalayan state of Sikkim. On 3rd October 2023, the South Lhonark Lake in North Sikkim breached causing rampant Glacial Lake outburst flood. The catastrophic impact of this GLOF was felt more downstream with the triggering of landslides along with floods affecting over 80,000 lives, more than 40 dead and more than 70 missing. The tragic event was not just an ecological consequence of sudden increase in glacial lake water level but notably, a critical juncture between the heedless development in a vulnerable topography—a critical juncture between human, climate, and disaster. This paper is a modest attempt to bring into subsurface the social and economic implications of GLOF of 2023 in Singtam (Sikkim) affecting the daily lives of the living communities.