As a tropical fruit, pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is widely cultivated in tropical areas, including Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The fruit is mainly cultivated for the fruit market, with pineapple leaves serving as a by-product that can be utilized for leaf fiber extraction or as feed. Pineapple leaf fiber is a high-quality fiber, with natural antibacterial, bactericidal, and deodorizing properties. However, the fiber industry remains underdeveloped. Pineapple originated in South America and has since spread to other regions. Pineapple ranks as one of the top two tropical fruits worldwide, coming after bananas. It significantly contributes to the improvement of tropical fruit accessibility while generating substantial economic gains for nations situated in tropical and subtropical climates. Large-scale cultivated pineapple varieties are primarily the result of clone selection and cross-breeding for fresh consumption or processing, with less focus on breeding for leaf fiber. Pineapple breeding is constrained by limited germplasm resources and self-incompatibility. Modern biotechnology encompasses a variety of advanced techniques such as molecular marker-assisted breeding, functional genomic studies, mutation breeding, plant tissue culture, and transgenic breeding, all of which are being utilized to improve the efficiency of plant breeding programs. This chapter provides an overview of the origin, distribution, germplasm biodiversity and conservation, fruit and leaf fiber utilization, cultivation practices and recent advancements in traditional breeding methods and the integration of modern biotechnology to improve conventional breeding techniques for pineapple.