Egyptian cotton, Pima cotton or Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) is a member of the Malvaceae family and is a self-pollinating crop with 15–20% cross-pollination. It is one of the most important and economically significant cultivated fiber crops globally. It is used in a wide range of clothing from jackets to everyday shirts, as well as in home textiles like bedsheets and curtains. The seed oil is utilized in food and cosmetics, and the fibers are even used in coffee filters. The seeds are fed to cattle and processed to make oil, rubber and plastics. Numerous genetic resources of cotton, including wild species, have been maintained in gene banks. There are multiple species with varying chromosome numbers and cotton diversity is influenced by geographic regions and morphological features. Introducing new alleles through crossing different genetic resources such as crossing common varieties with locally developed ones or wild genotypes, can enhance genetic diversity and select for beneficial traits. Ensuring adequate natural variety in phenotypes is crucial. The main goals of Breeders and geneticists’ are to improve new cotton varieties with desired traits, including high yield, good quality, and tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stress. Enhancing traditional breeding strategies with contemporary new genetic technologies can aid in achieving these objectives. This chapter gives a summary of the biodiversity and conservation of Egyptian cotton germplasm, as well as the goals and phases of Egyptian cotton breeding projects and traditional breeding techniques. Modern plant breeding methods, such as genetic engineering and marker-assisted breeding, are also covered.