One of the most significant cereal crops is self-pollinating bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L; Gramineae). Wheat is a valuable crop used for food, feed, seeds, and industry worldwide. A vast genetic resource collection of wheat germplasm, including wild Triticum species, has been preserved in gene banks. Triticum has many species, each with a unique genome and number of chromosomes. Geographical regions, biological status, morpho-agronomic features, and ploidy level all contribute to the great diversity found in Triticum. By mixing different wheat genetic resources, such as current varieties with regionally adapted types, novel alleles can be introduced, increasing genetic diversity and pre-selection for desired traits, necessary to guarantee significant natural variation at the phenotypic level. The primary goals of wheat breeders and geneticists are to improve wheat for quality features, yield attributes, and biotic and abiotic stress resistance qualities. The use of contemporary genomics techniques to support conventional breeding operations can help achieve these goals. In addition to modern plant breeding tools like marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing, this chapter provides an overview of the diversification and conservation of wheat germplasm, as well as the goals and phases of wheat breeding programs, farming, and traditional breeding techniques. This chapter focuses on the origin and distribution of wheat, its sources and dissemination, description, taxonomy classification and distribution, importance and uses, fiber and textile properties, domestication, selection, and early advancements, current cultivation and traditional breeding, present-day farming methods such as vertical farming, digital farming, and artificial intelligence, bread wheat breeding objectives, germplasm biodiversity and conservation, diversity of germplasm, phylogeny and characterization of wheat cultivars, methods for conserving wheat genetic resources, cytogenetics, traditional breeding, wheat breeding program goals and phases, traditional breeding methodologies, traditional breeding limitations, molecular breeding, DNA markers, genetic engineering, genome editing, and breeding by mutation.