The paper considers the influence of dispersed rapidly quenched Al-10 wt% Co binary alloy on the tribological properties of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene under friction conditions without lubrication according to the “disk-pad” scheme. We discovered that adding the alloy to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene in an amount of 15–25 wt% leads to a decrease in the intensity of linear wear of the polymer by 4.4 times. This occurs because of an increase in hardness and thermal conductivity. The improvement of these properties can be explained by the ordering of the supramolecular structure of the polymer due to a decrease in the amount of the amorphous phase. At the same time, the friction coefficient increases by 1.6 times, which is typical for polymer composites with hard metal filler. A polymer composite with an effective content of 25 wt% rapidly quenched Al-10 wt% Co alloy can be recommended for the manufacture of tribological coupling parts of high-performance equipment.