Every year, major natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods, fires, earthquakes, and tornadoes, threaten agricultural production. Favorable weather conditions, a healthy environment, and critical infrastructure are essential for the success of commercial livestock and poultry operations and can be significantly impacted by adverse circumstances that frequently arise during these emergencies. Animal health and welfare can be severely compromised due to: (1) disruptions in utilities and critical services; (2) facility damage; (3) contamination of feed and water supplies; (4) environmental extremes; and (5) biosecurity lapses. The negative consequences on production can be cumulative and long-lasting. Identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks enable organizations to effectively prepare for and recover from these events. This chapter reviews the vulnerability assessment process as a component of an effective risk management program, emphasizing evaluation criteria and recommended practices that should be considered when applying these principles in commercial livestock and poultry operations.