The biological significance of surface microroughness in implants and scaffolds is paramount for enhancing cellular interactions and tissue integration. The effects of microtopography or nanotopography on the microstructured surface significantly influence cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Cells tend to exhibit improved adhesion on surfaces with specific roughness patterns, which can mimic the natural extracellular matrix. This interaction is crucial for the successful integration of implants into host tissues, as it facilitates biocompatibility and reduces the risk of rejection. To achieve optimal microstructural characteristics, various methods of mechanical, chemical, laser-assisted and electrophysical surface treatment can be employed. These methods allow for the precise control of roughness parameters, which are essential for fostering target cellular or biotissue structures with specific physiological functionalities. Furthermore, the advancement of nanotechnology has opened new avenues for engineering surfaces at the nanoscale, leading to enhanced biological responses. The interplay between surface roughness and cellular behavior necessitates a comprehensive understanding of how these characteristics influence cell signaling pathways and gene expression. The problem of organizing a quantitative analysis of surface characteristics (or “morphological descriptors”) is extremely important and urgent in implantology. This task is not only fundamental to materials science but also critical for the qualimetry and metrological certification of biomaterials. A systematic approach to quantifying surface features will ultimately lead to improved design and performance of implants and scaffolds in clinical applications.