The development of advanced technologiesAdvanced technologiesin microbiologyMicrobiology, such as genetic engineering, CRISPR, synthetic biology, quantum computing, and artificial intelligenceArtificial Intelligence (AI), offers tremendous opportunities for advancing healthcare, agriculture, and industry, but also carries significant risks. The dual-useDual-use nature of these technologies can lead to unintended genetic alterations, the creation of resistant pathogens, and bioterrorismBioterrorism, posing a threat to global security. Additionally, cyberbioterrorismCyber-bioterrorism presents a new risk, involving using information technology to compromise biotechnological systems or manipulate data that affects health and environmental systems. These innovations might exacerbate economic and political inequalities, especially in resource distribution, such as biological medicines. Global regulatory frameworksRegulatory frameworks and standardization are crucial to ensure ethicalEthical and safe use, raising awareness and educating experts and the public. AI can enhance risk management but also presents potential dangers if misused, requiring specific security protocols. Moreover, the impact on biodiversity and privacy concerns related to genetic data must be addressed. Balancing innovation and securitySecurity is essential for sustainable development in microbiology. The rapid development of biotechnologyBiotechnology, exhibiting revolutionary effects in the area of drug discovery, carries a double-edged potential. While it transforms health care through the design of life-saving medications, it simultaneously harbors the riskRisk of being misused in the design of harmful biological agents. This tension forms the crux of our exploration in this chapter. To understand the dynamics of the dual-use dilemma in biotechnology, we focus on the ethicalEthical challenges, regulatory needs, and the critical importance of international collaboration to safeguard humanity against these emerging threats.