In 2004, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published the study “BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism.” Multiple national security and public health concerns related to so-called Dual Use Research of ConcernDual use research of concern have become publicly known in the ensuing 20 years, and it is useful to see if the recommendations made in the National Academies report were followed or were effective. The Report contained seven recommendations to safely conduct biotechnology research. Using the recommendations as guideposts, this chapter reviews actions taken by the U.S. Government to address these biosafetyBiosafety and biosecurity concerns. The recommendations were: educating the scientific community, review of plans for experiments, review at the publication stage, creation of a National Science Advisory Board for Biodefense, additional elements for protection against misuse, a role for the life sciences in efforts to prevent bioterrorismBioterrorism and biowarfare and harmonized international oversight. The chapter provides several case studies of what might be considered dual-useDual-use research and a respect for the delicate balance of policies for public safety versus ethicalEthical aspects such as academic freedomAcademic freedom and individual curiosity.