This article provides a comprehensive analysis of dual-use defense technologies, emphasizing the geopolitical implicationsGeopolitical implications and challenges faced by the European Union (EU) in regulating trade and technology transfersTechnology transfer to key global competitors. Despite the EU's embargoes on defense technologies, some competing global powers continue to acquire advanced technologiesAdvanced technologies from Europe, often facilitated by economic interests or scientific collaborations. The fragmented approach among EU member states and the limited integration of policies have resulted in inadequate oversight of potentially militarily sensitive technology transfers. Hence, this article investigates the role of the European Commission in nuclear safeguards and broader non-proliferationNon-proliferation efforts, showing the dual-useDual-use risks posed by emerging technologies such as special materials, sensors, and electronics. We critically examine the existing regulatory frameworksRegulatory frameworks, identifying gaps and emphasizing the urgent need for a cohesive EU strategy that harmonizes economic policies with security imperatives. We employed the Delphi technique to support our analysis, interviewing political scientists, managers of dual-use technologiesDual-use technologies in the defense sector, academics with expertise in non-proliferation and technology transferTechnology transfer, and senior officers from EU armed forces. Our study highlights the geopolitical dimensions of technological proliferation, considering the strategic interests of global powers and their implications for international security. Additionally, we address the ethicalEthical and political dilemmas associated with restricting technological innovation, particularly in academic freedomAcademic freedom and free trade. Finally, we propose policy solutions to balance these conflicting interests, ensuring a secure and ethically responsible approach to technological development and transfer.