Lithium is essential for advanced energy technologies, particularly in rechargeable batteriesBatteries, necessitating accurate modellingModeling of its future supplySupply to address potential shortages and sustainabilitySustainability challenges. Current models often treat supply and demandDemand independently, leading to unrealistic projections and uncertainty. This study identifies key challenges in lithiumLithium supply modelling, including inconsistencies in resource classification systems like JORC, NI 43-101, and UNFC, and the limitations of bottom-up analyses due to geopolitical risksGeopolitical risks and data transparencyTransparency issues. Additionally, recycling uncertainties and shifts in battery technologyBattery technology and electric vehicle adoption further complicate demand forecasting. Scenario-based modellingModeling and economic analysis are proposed to better capture the dynamic interactions between supply and demandDemand. Recognizing the unpredictable nature of geological and societal factors is crucial for developing resilient models to ensure a stable lithium supplySupply for global decarbonizationDecarbonization efforts.