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Numerous producers of Class I metallic nickelNickel (Ni), Ni concentrates, as well as other intermediate products such as mixed hydroxide precipitateMixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) and mixed sulfideMixed sulfide precipitate are considering converting their output to an upgraded product that is readily usable within the electric vehicleElectric Vehicles (EVs) (EVElectric Vehicles (EVs)) battery materialBattery materials supplySupply chain. Preceding EVElectric Vehicles (EVs) batteryBattery manufacturers in the EVElectric Vehicles (EVs) batteryBattery supplySupply chain are precursor cathode active materialPrecursor Cathode Active Material (PCAM) manufacturers who directly require Ni units. To incorporate these Ni units, there are several intermediate Ni product options, and it is important to determine which of these options represents the best value from technical, commercial, environmentalEnvironmental, and strategic perspectives. Following the selection of the best value Ni intermediate option(s), then the hydrometallurgical processHydrometallurgical processes options can be evaluated. This paper reviews a broad range of hydrometallurgical processHydrometallurgical processes options used to produce Ni sulfateSulfate and other Ni intermediates, including high pressure acid leachHigh pressure acid leach processingProcessing of lateritic Ni ores; pressure oxidative leachingLeaching of Ni sulfide concentrates; acidAcid dissolutionDissolution of Ni powder produced hydrometallurgically, or carbonyl Ni powder; and secondary recovery of Ni during electrorefining of copperCopper anodes obtained from smeltingSmelting of copperCopper scraps with high Ni content. A technical and commercial assessment of different process options to produce Ni values in a sustainable fashion for EVElectric Vehicles (EVs) batteryBattery supplySupply chain is provided and the comparative technical considerations, and sustainabilitySustainability and economic viability of each option are discussed.

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Technical and Commercial Challenges in Hydrometallurgical Production of Nickel Values in the Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Khosrow Nikkhah

摘要

Numerous producers of Class I metallic nickelNickel (Ni), Ni concentrates, as well as other intermediate products such as mixed hydroxide precipitateMixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) and mixed sulfideMixed sulfide precipitate are considering converting their output to an upgraded product that is readily usable within the electric vehicleElectric Vehicles (EVs) (EVElectric Vehicles (EVs)) battery materialBattery materials supplySupply chain. Preceding EVElectric Vehicles (EVs) batteryBattery manufacturers in the EVElectric Vehicles (EVs) batteryBattery supplySupply chain are precursor cathode active materialPrecursor Cathode Active Material (PCAM) manufacturers who directly require Ni units. To incorporate these Ni units, there are several intermediate Ni product options, and it is important to determine which of these options represents the best value from technical, commercial, environmentalEnvironmental, and strategic perspectives. Following the selection of the best value Ni intermediate option(s), then the hydrometallurgical processHydrometallurgical processes options can be evaluated. This paper reviews a broad range of hydrometallurgical processHydrometallurgical processes options used to produce Ni sulfateSulfate and other Ni intermediates, including high pressure acid leachHigh pressure acid leach processingProcessing of lateritic Ni ores; pressure oxidative leachingLeaching of Ni sulfide concentrates; acidAcid dissolutionDissolution of Ni powder produced hydrometallurgically, or carbonyl Ni powder; and secondary recovery of Ni during electrorefining of copperCopper anodes obtained from smeltingSmelting of copperCopper scraps with high Ni content. A technical and commercial assessment of different process options to produce Ni values in a sustainable fashion for EVElectric Vehicles (EVs) batteryBattery supplySupply chain is provided and the comparative technical considerations, and sustainabilitySustainability and economic viability of each option are discussed.