Reconsidering the Feminine: Insights from the Daodejing
摘要
This chapter argues that the notion of the feminine in the Daodejing represents an abstract philosophical ideal with contemporary theoretical and practical significance. The first section analyzes the multi-layered attributes associated with the terms—mu 母, ci 雌, and pin 牝-- in the text, and demonstrates how the Daodejing treats the notion of the feminine as both metaphysically and normatively salient while not directly involving the stereotyping of women. The second section further clarifies the textual connotations of the feminine by giving a critical review of three dominant interpretations, namely, the matriarchal reading (worshiping the female gender), the political reading (supposing a political strategy for conquering), and the androgynous reading (integrating the masculine and the feminine into an androgynous form). The third section explores the philosophical implications of the notion of the feminine in the Daodejing, aiming to shed light on key debates between equality feminism and difference feminism. Rejecting the assimilation of the Daoist feminine notion into difference feminism, the chapter contends that while the values of the feminine in the Daodejing do not directly contest historical male dominance, the former nevertheless offer a critical perspective for modern feminism, both in the sense of rejecting the one-sided complementarity of equality feminism and avoiding the problematic masculine-feminine dichotomy inherent in difference feminism. Finally, in the fourth section, this chapter discusses the feasibility of applying the Daoist feminine notion through examining its potential to inform practices of gender justice, both in individual life and broader societal contexts.