In recent years, numerous technological advances have enabled the development of modern medicine, promoting the emergence of new therapies that obtain improved results on patient health. Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century in medicine. Manipulation and assembly of materials on the nanometric scale allow the development of functionalized nanoparticles that offer a targeted and highly effective treatment, achieving a reduction in side effects and longer residence times in the body, among other benefits. The capacity of these nano-systems to identify and specifically target their therapeutic targets permits their application as high-precision biosensors for the detection of diseases, in addition to their use as contrast agents, providing higher-resolution molecular images that contribute to the development of early diagnoses quickly and efficiently. Thus, both their molecular properties and their ability to interact with biological systems in a precise and controlled manner are very useful in the context of biomedicine, thus promoting the emergence of new therapeutic strategies against complex pathologies.