This chapter takes an in-depth look at the role of local governments in intergovernmental relations (IGR) in Spain, their institutional framework, the representation of local interests and their capacity to respond to crises. It describes the general patterns and dynamics of IGR within the Spanish political system, highlighting the structural characteristics and pointing out the limitations faced by local authorities in fully participating in the formal bodies of central-local government relations (i.e. sectoral conferences). The chapter also examines the role of local government associations in advocating for local interests within formal IGR bodies and through informal mechanisms. The analysis reveals the weakness of the infrastructure of permanent formal representative bodies through which local government demands are channeled. However, it also shows how informal IGR relations and political parties serve as alternative mechanisms, providing avenues for local authorities to influence decision-making.