Microplastic pollution poses a profound and escalating threat to the biosphere, impacting ecosystems and human health on a global scale. In addition to assessing the potential of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to enhance marine pollution control, this research investigates the multifaceted effects of microplastics. In an era of rapid technological advancements, remote sensing provides strategic tools for detecting, monitoring, mapping, and analysing microplastics, enabling more accurate insights into their distribution and movement in marine environments. Recent global estimates indicate that approximately 2.3 million tonnes of microplastics are now present in the world’s seas, with concentrations rising sharply since 2005. By synthesising current literature, this paper offers a comprehensive perspective on using remote sensing to guide targeted mitigation strategies and inform policy development. The findings underscore the critical role of remote sensing technology in addressing microplastic pollution and driving progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 15 (Life on Land), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). This technology offers innovative solutions to monitor, manage, and mitigate the environmental impacts of microplastics, fostering a healthier planet. This research highlights the urgency of integrating remote sensing into environmental monitoring and policy frameworks to mitigate the extensive ecological and health risks posed by microplastic pollution.