The widespread use of plastic materials has brought significant benefits across various sectors of human life, marking a new historical era. However, their desirable properties—such as durability, low cost, and water resistance—have led to substantial misuse, resulting in an accumulation of plastic waste. This waste breaks down into microplastics (MPs), which infiltrate marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems, as well as the air, making their way into the human food chain. Major sources of microplastic exposure include foods from diverse origins, food additives, beverages, and plastic packaging. The presence of MPs raises serious public health concerns due to their tendency to accumulate in living tissues, potentially leading to gastrointestinal diseases, immune system disorders, respiratory issues, cancer, infertility, and chromosomal alterations. Additionally, MPs can act as carriers for toxic chemicals and harmful organisms. This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of MPs, their environmental transfer to the human food chain, and their potential toxic effects on health. It concludes with a discussion on public health policy implications related to microplastic exposure.