Microplastics (MPs), originating from the breakdown of larger plastic materials (with a size of less than 5 mm) or as primary synthetic particles, represent a pressing global environmental concern due to their persistence, ubiquity, and complex interactions with ecosystems and human health. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of MPs waste, tracing its origins, environmental distribution, and toxicological effects across terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric systems. Various physical, chemical, biological, and integrated treatment technologies are discussed including dendrimer technology, alongside advanced detection tools such as SEM–EDS, NMR, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and GC/MS. Special emphasis is placed on emerging nanotechnological interventions and AI-based real-time monitoring systems that show promise for scalable and sustainable microplastic removal. Furthermore, the chapter highlights current policy frameworks, global collaborative efforts, and future directions essential for effective microplastic governance. The integration of scientific innovation, industrial responsibility, and governmental action is presented as critical to mitigating the long-term impacts of microplastic pollution and achieving a circular and resilient environmental economy.