This work is devoted to the investigation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration potential of microalgae Chlorella kessleri to address global environmental issues related to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the context of today’s accelerated industrialization and globalization, increasing CO2 concentrations pose a serious environmental challenge that requires the implementation of sustainable technologies. One such solution is the use of microalgae biomass for CO2 capture, which supports the sustainable development goals aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and forming sustainable production and consumption patterns. The work evaluates the ability of Chlorella kessleri to efficiently sequester CO2 and investigates the dynamics of this process under different cultivation conditions. Particular attention is paid to the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, CO2 concentration, and light intensity on the rate of carbon dioxide absorption. The results of the work can be used to develop more efficient bioremediation methods and sustainable technologies for flue gas purification in industry, which contributes to achieving environmental goals within the framework of the global sustainable development strategy.