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In order to become a true science, the measurement of temperature needed to be made both quantitative and reproducible. The first dramatic increase in the range and accuracy of the measurement of temperature was reported by Isaac Newton[aut]Newton, Isaac (1642-1727) in 1701. He followed the cooling of an iron bar from the hottest temperature obtainable with his furnace until it achieved the ambient temperature. Newton’s Law of CoolingNewton’s law of cooling is discussed in detail. A modern recreation of this experiment demonstrated that Newton had succeeded far beyond expectations. The Fahrenheit[aut]Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel (1686-1736) mercury thermometer is also illustrated and discussed. It has remained a standard tool in the practice of Thermodynamics!

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Temperature and Thermometers: The Development of the Concept of Temperature and the Invention of Laboratory Thermometers

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Gary D. Patterson

摘要

In order to become a true science, the measurement of temperature needed to be made both quantitative and reproducible. The first dramatic increase in the range and accuracy of the measurement of temperature was reported by Isaac Newton[aut]Newton, Isaac (1642-1727) in 1701. He followed the cooling of an iron bar from the hottest temperature obtainable with his furnace until it achieved the ambient temperature. Newton’s Law of CoolingNewton’s law of cooling is discussed in detail. A modern recreation of this experiment demonstrated that Newton had succeeded far beyond expectations. The Fahrenheit[aut]Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel (1686-1736) mercury thermometer is also illustrated and discussed. It has remained a standard tool in the practice of Thermodynamics!