Digitalization of the agro-industrial complex is accompanied by exponential data growth, which opens up new opportunities for the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods and analytics. This article considers the concept of open science in agriculture – the free exchange of scientific data and research results – and analyzes the economic effect of such openness and cooperation. A comparative analysis of the Russian experience and international initiatives aimed at unlocking the potential of data in the agricultural sector is conducted. It is shown that data exchange and the use of AI technologies can increase productivity, efficiency and innovation in the agricultural sector, contributing to the growth of farm profits. In particular, open data facilitates the implementation of advanced agricultural technologies, stimulates the emergence of new digital business models (platforms, ecosystems) and reduces transaction costs. At the same time, risks associated with the protection of data rights and privacy are identified, requiring the development of appropriate strategies and policies. In conclusion, recommendations are provided for agricultural enterprises and government bodies on the use of open science principles for sustainable economic development of agriculture.