Surgical procedures in the mediastinum are particularly challenging due to the intricate anatomy and the presence of vital structures within a confined space. Possess comprehensive knowledge of the patient’s anatomy, and pathology of the mass is essential to reduce the risk of potentially intraoperative or postoperative complications. The robotic technology due to the three-dimensional imaging, increased degrees of freedom, and eased manual dexterity is tailored for the mediastinum in both adult and pediatric patients. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of the anatomy of the mediastinum, which is divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments, each with specific structures and potential pathologies. It offers a practical guide for robotic surgery, including optimal positioning of the robot, port placement, and the use of advanced imaging techniques for precise dissection and mass removal. It emphasizes the importance of access side, use of selective lung ventilation, and careful dissection to maximize oncological outcomes and reduce morbidity.