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This chapter analyzes performance and costs of Warehouse Scale Computers (WSCs). It highlights key performance metrics and discusses system balance within WSCs. It then examines fleetwide workload characterization and performance modeling, drawing from Google case studies. The second part of the chapter investigates WSC capital and operational expenditures, presenting a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model for evaluating tradeoffs between on-premises solutions and public cloud offerings. Despite offering more functionality, flexible scaling, and integrations compared to on-premises IT, public cloud is more cost effective unless on-premises lifetime utilization is very high.

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Performance and Costs

  • 章节

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Luiz André Barroso,
  • Urs Hölzle,
  • Parthasarathy Ranganathan

摘要

This chapter analyzes performance and costs of Warehouse Scale Computers (WSCs). It highlights key performance metrics and discusses system balance within WSCs. It then examines fleetwide workload characterization and performance modeling, drawing from Google case studies. The second part of the chapter investigates WSC capital and operational expenditures, presenting a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model for evaluating tradeoffs between on-premises solutions and public cloud offerings. Despite offering more functionality, flexible scaling, and integrations compared to on-premises IT, public cloud is more cost effective unless on-premises lifetime utilization is very high.