The integration of globalization and informatization has positioned the digital economy as a pivotal catalyst for robust economic growth. Drawing on the principles of new economic geography, this research employs system dynamics to dissect the critical components of the digital economy, including digital infrastructure, technological advancements, regulatory frameworks, and human capital development. The study examines how these factors enhance resource allocation, diminish transaction expenses, and quicken market responsiveness through enhanced circulation efficiency. By formulating a difference equation and gathering empirical data for simulation, the findings reveal that the digital economy has substantially fostered high-quality economic growth in the Greater Bay Area through circulation efficiency optimization. This research offers a scientific foundation for policymakers, intending to supply both theoretical backing and actionable insights for advancing the digital economy in the Greater Bay Area and beyond.