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This chapter reviews the options for imaging patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be diagnosed by CT or MRI of the brain. Testicular ultrasonography, TRUS, and MRI have been used to differentiate nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Ultrasonography can also be used as a quality control method after varicocele repair, to distinguish between tubular ectasia and intratesticular varicocele, and in detecting focal lesions in the testis in NOA. Patients with subfertility have microlithiasis in almost 20% cases, and its importance in NOA has been discussed. Ultrasound can be used to map testicular perfusion and seminiferous tubule parameters are used before micro-TESE to increase the yield of TESE. Diffusion tensor imaging, shear wave elastography, multiphoton microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and narrow-band imaging are the newer modalities used in imaging NOA.

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Imaging Used in the Evaluation of NOA

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Abheesh Varma Hegde,
  • Tuncay Toprak,
  • Eric Chung

摘要

This chapter reviews the options for imaging patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be diagnosed by CT or MRI of the brain. Testicular ultrasonography, TRUS, and MRI have been used to differentiate nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Ultrasonography can also be used as a quality control method after varicocele repair, to distinguish between tubular ectasia and intratesticular varicocele, and in detecting focal lesions in the testis in NOA. Patients with subfertility have microlithiasis in almost 20% cases, and its importance in NOA has been discussed. Ultrasound can be used to map testicular perfusion and seminiferous tubule parameters are used before micro-TESE to increase the yield of TESE. Diffusion tensor imaging, shear wave elastography, multiphoton microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and narrow-band imaging are the newer modalities used in imaging NOA.