The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is home to a rich variety of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). However, their biodiversity is declining due to overharvesting, rising global demand, low agricultural productivity, migration, habitat loss, and climate change. MAPs are essential to traditional medicine and have great economic value, yet many species, such as Aconitum heterophyllum, Picrorhiza kurroa, and Nardostachys jatamansi, are now endangered or vulnerable. Despite efforts to cultivate MAPs, only 12–15 hectares of land in Uttarakhand are under cultivation. Cultivation efforts and government initiatives aim to conserve these endemic species and support mountain communities, yet face challenges like technical difficulties, strict regulations, and financial barriers for farmers. The study utilized both primary and secondary data and reported the urgent need to promote MAP cultivation and conservation strategies to ensure sustainable resource management and secure local livelihoods. It identifies priority MAP species for conservation and reports research gaps in understanding their distribution and ecological status. This chapter also points out the lack of information on MAP supply chains, value addition, and adulteration. Addressing these gaps is important for the development of the policies and effective conservation management of Himalayan bioresources.