This review examines the multifaceted relationship between air pollution, heat exposure, and neurological health, highlighting the escalating risks posed by environmental stress in the context of climate change. Chronic exposure to airborne pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and ozone has been associated with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Acute exposure can lead to immediate cognitive impairments, mood disturbances, and increased stroke risk. Furthermore, the interplay between high temperatures and poor air quality exacerbates these effects, compromising blood-brain barrier integrity and heightening vulnerability to neurological damage. Current research underscores the urgent need for public health initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of air pollution and heat on brain health, supporting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to protect vulnerable populations. Further investigation into the mechanisms underlying these interactions is essential for developing effective strategies to combat the adverse effects of environmental stress on neurological health.