This chapter examines the foundational factors that shape children’s early educational experiences, highlighting how developmental readiness, educator competencies, and school systems interact to support or hinder learning. It begins by addressing the mismatch between traditional school structures and the evolving needs of today’s diverse learners, emphasizing the importance of responsive, well-prepared educators. The chapter then explores the critical role of cognitive development and social-emotional competence in early academic success, outlining key domains such as attention, perception, and executive functioning. It also reflects on the benefits and limitations of early cognitive evaluation. Finally, it investigates the root causes of educational marginalization, particularly in early literacy and numeracy, and underscores the urgency of addressing these barriers during the pivotal K–2 years. By linking individual development to systemic practices, the chapter advocates for a more equitable and inclusive approach to early education.