Church unions emerged in the mid-to-late 1840s. Hope explained their rise in his pamphlet The Church Cause and the Church Party, published in 1860. He went back over developments in the Established Church since the publication between 1833 and 1841 of the Tracts. Most important was the “revival” led by “the Church party,” by which Hope meant High Churchmen inspired by Tractarianism and driven by belief in “Apostolic Christianity and the Church of the English Prayer Book.” The revival had continued into a new phase, a second generation, and according to Hope, the party was now ready and able to press on to further successes. It had moved beyond Oxford, the Tracts, and the mainly doctrinal matters that had been the focus in the earlier phase. There was growing interest in ecclesiastical administration, in worship and ritual, and in Church affairs as legal and political issues. The revival had its aesthetic side too, a concern with the design and decoration of churches, pushed forward by the Camdenites and productive of “that systematic development of the decencies of worship, and the charms of religious art, which has extended so far and thriven so vigorously.” Hope provided insight into the struggle between “the Church party” and its various critics inside the Church (puritans, latitudinarians, and the “high-and-dry” orthodox traditionalists who were more “timid and unenergetic” than Hope and his group chose to be) and beyond the Church (the political and sectarian enemies of the established order in Church and state). Controversy had brought more supporters into the party, had obliged and enabled it to make its case in books, pamphlets, and periodicals, and was shaping the careers of prominent clergymen and politicians.